Lonesome Dove Mythic Vs Realistic Essay Research free essay sample

Lone Dove: Mythic Vs Realistic Essay, Research Paper Myth versus Realism in the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; LONESOME DOVE While Larry McMurtry awards certain fabulous characteristics of the # 8220 ; Old West, # 8221 ; his heroic poem, Lonesome Dove, is the quintessential representation of the pragmatism of the # 8220 ; Old West. # 8221 ; By contrast, mythic representations of the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; be given to look absurd and cockamamie. Narratives such as the one portrayed in the movie # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; look to be pathetic because of their unidimensional presentation of characters, including adult females ; their passive, Utopian environments ; and their conveniently distinct word picture of good and evil. Larry McMurtry # 8217 ; s Lonesome Dove presents characters non larger than life but complex, adult females who are non frightened and dependent, but self-sufficing and wise. # 8220 ; McMurtry is unfailing ague on the life of adult females in this adult male # 8217 ; s universe # 8221 ; ( Clemons, Contemporary Literary Criticism 254 ) . In mythic representations such as # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; scoundrels are non people with complicated backgrounds which cause their hapless behaviour. We will write a custom essay sample on Lonesome Dove Mythic Vs Realistic Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nor are at that place Indians or black people in # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; although the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; was populated by them. # 8220 ; All of Mr. McMurtry # 8217 ; s anti-mythic groundwork-his refusal to laud the West-works to reenforce the strength of the traditionally mythic parts of Lonesome Dove by doing it far more believable than the old familiar Equus caballus operas # 8221 ; ( Lemann, Literary Criticism 257 ) such as # 8220 ; True Grit. # 8221 ; In the movie # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; Rooster Cogburn typifies the absurd qualities of a fabulous United States Marshall. He acts entirely in runing down serious slayers, but this is no job because Rooster, even though a rummy, earlier has brought to justice a wagon-load of offenders. Subsequently, with the reins of his Equus caballus in his dentitions, Rooster shoots all of his adversaries except for his arch enemy who shoots Rooster # 8217 ; s horse out from under him. Merely as the arch enemy, Robert Duvall, is about to hit Rooster, from far off person handily kills Duvall. Rooster is a adult male whose failings neer pull him down, because he is # 8220 ; larger than life # 8221 ; ( Hirsch, E! Online 2 ) . Rooster Cogburn is a character of fabulous stature whose defects neer prevent him from carry throughing his heroic workss. Larry McMurtry # 8217 ; s characters in his novel, Lonesome Dove, show existent # 8220 ; grit. # 8221 ; While Augustus ( Gus ) McCrae is an faineant adult male, unlike Rooster Cogburn, Gus is non ashamed of his indolence. # 8220 ; It # 8217 ; s a good thing that I ain # 8217 ; t scairt # 8217 ; to be lazy # 8221 ; ( McMurtry 9 ) . Gus would instead hold a whisky bottle in his manus than a shovel ( Horn, Literary Criticism 255 ) , but his crew forgives his failings because they respect his heroic capablenesss as an reliable, ferocious combatant and loyal friend. Gus McCrae # 8217 ; s former Texas Ranger spouse, Captain Woodrow C. Call, proves himself a terrific leader and an first-class cowpuncher who at the same clip lacks typical cowpuncher sociableness. # 8220 ; He heads for the river because he is tired of hearing us yap, he ain # 8217 ; t a sociable adult male and neer was # 8221 ; ( McMurtry 26 ) . Unlike Rooster Cogburn, who ever acts showily, Woodrow Call # 8217 ; s personality alterations dramatically because he is truly influenced by his fortunes. He is ever the firs t to respond to danger including expecting toxicant serpents while on the trail, and on occasion salvaging his crew from injury. Name acts the portion when needed. The # 8220 ; portraiture of McCrae and Call, ? as both heroic and adorably human, ? peculiarly delighted critics # 8221 ; ( Literary Criticism 253 ) . The foolish wit in # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; efforts to make the belief that a one-eyed, alcoholic adult male who falls off his Equus caballus can separately work out jobs because he has # 8220 ; true grit. # 8221 ; The farinaceous Rooster Cogburn lives with a small Chinese adult male and a cat which seems silly in the manner it provides humourous alleviation. This is a common catch that movie shapers use who represent the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; in a mythic manner. Rooster # 8217 ; s eating wonts besides characterize him comically. He frequently puts sway difficult bacon spots into his oral cavity, even offering them to dainty adult females like Kim Darby who is shocked by the offer. Other facets of wit arise when at the movie # 8217 ; s decision. Rooster rides off while incredibly leaping over a fencing in a mode of an nimble immature cowpuncher. In fact, Rooster is a cowboy prankster whose imbibing wonts lead to? absurd incidents # 8221 ; throughout the movie ( Hirsch, E! 2 ) . In contrast, referees praised Larry McMurtry # 8217 ; s history of cowboy life in the 19th century # 8220 ; as a humourous yet sincere testimonial to the American West # 8221 ; ( Literary Criticism 253 ) . McMurtry provides his characters with realistic wit as when Woodrow reflects on his partnership with Gus: It # 8217 ; s odd I partnered with a adult male like you, Name, Augustus said. If we was to run into now alternatively of when we did, I doubt we # 8217 ; vitamin Ds have two words to state to one another. Woodrow Call responded, I wish it could go on so, if it would keep you to two words. ( Literary Criticism 257 ) The exchange between Call and McCrae portrays two truly good friends and # 8220 ; gritty # 8221 ; cowboys showing wit ironically to each other. Name and McCrae converse believably, non in the gimmicky manner that the characters in # 8220 ; True Grit, # 8221 ; or those of typical unrealistic western genre talk to each other. The intervention of adult females in fabulous representations of the # 8220 ; West # 8221 ; varies aggressively with their realistic intervention in Lonesome Dove. In fabulous representations adult females tend to be either dependent and frightened without much personality, or planning overdone # 8220 ; missions of retaliation # 8221 ; such as the Matty Ross in # 8220 ; True Grit. # 8221 ; In the fabulous # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; work forces ever arrive merely in clip to salvage the twenty-four hours. The adult females in demand invariably search for a adult male # 8220 ; with grit. # 8221 ; In the fabulous # 8220 ; West # 8221 ; there are no farinaceous adult females, but there are those who can incredibly carry through what work forces can non. Matty can sit her Equus caballus across a river while Rooster and his spouse take a ferry. Lonesome Dove realistically depicts adult females such as Clara Allen and Lorena Wood who are # 8220 ; glorious [ in their ] individuality. # 8221 ; Clara and Lorena are # 8220 ; wilful and passionate # 8221 ; and possess # 8220 ; magnetic # 8221 ; personalities ( Horn, Literary Criticism 255 ) . Besides, in realistic portraitures a cowpuncher can be involved with two adult females at the same time. One may even be a cocotte such as Lorena who is never-the-less beautiful and # 8220 ; delicate as a desert rose # 8221 ; ( 255 ) . On the other manus, Gus can love Clara, a field, reasonable adult female married to a deceasing adult male. Clara is an reliable, Western adult female, caring for three kids while besides running a Equus caballus spread. Alternatively of being frightened by the frontier and hold oning the manus of the adult male following to her, Clara cares for a dependent adult male while courageously confronting the demands of the frontier. Clara # 8217 ; s place p revarications twenty stat mis from the nearest town, # 8220 ; a topographic point where Indians were a desperate menace, though Clara didn # 8217 ; t seem to fear them # 8221 ; ( McMurtry 653 ) . Unlike fabulous interventions of frontier adult females, the realistic portraiture permits them to germinate. Lorena begins her relationship with Gus by holding disdain for him. She treats Gus crudely, # 8220 ; Don # 8217 ; t you cheat, Gus? . If you cheat I won # 8217 ; t give you no pigeon berries # 8221 ; ( 519 ) . Gradually, Lorena begins swearing Gus to conceal her from the rough world of her calling and life. She begins to love Gus so strongly # 8220 ; that sex, someway, weakens [ and they ] become best of friends # 8221 ; ( Horn, Literary Criticism 255 ) . Merely in a realistic word picture of a Western adult female could the portraiture of a cocotte be dynamic adequate to be interesting apart from her sexual life. Mythical or realistic word pictures of characters and their actions besides influence the intervention of good and evil in # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; and Lonesome Dove. In # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; the scoundrels are unequivocally ever bad with no character trait that redeems them or makes them look to the full human or makes them slightly sympathetic. In one scene Rooster Cogburn interrogates some scoundrels whom he believes are about to rob a bank. Suddenly, one begins to speak, and as he speaks, another takes out a knife and cuts off the talker # 8217 ; s fingers. No facet of friendly relationship between the two is apparent. Each is a unidimensional character. Each is a scoundrel and therefore ever # 8220 ; wrong. # 8221 ; Therefore, one deserves to be harmed by his spouse without clemency while the spouse himself deserves being killed by Rooster who is ever â€Å"right† in these affairs because he is the â€Å"good guy.† By contrast, the characters in Lonesome Dove are non easy to love or detest. They encourage conflicting emotions because they are complicated. The differentiation between good and evil, right and incorrect is non ever clear because fictional events are portrayed realistically, as they might hold occurred in the Old West. In one tragic scene, Deets a sympathetic, former Texas Ranger who happens to be black, is killed by a immature Indian who is nescient that Deets is seeking to deliver a little, unsighted Indian male child. Deets one time pursued Indians under the bid of Woodrow Call and Augustus McCrae, and now he is with them prosecuting a little group of largely adult females and kids together with a few immature braves non yet of contending age. Name fires a shooting to scatter the Indians who hurriedly leave one, little, boy behind who can non see. Deets attempts to salvage the male child, but in the confusion is slain by the immature brave. It wasn # 8217 ; t right for the brav e to kill Deets, but the brave couldn # 8217 ; t weigh all the facts. He merely understood that when guns fire, normally Indians are killed, and he had neer associated a cowpuncher with person who might be helpful or good. In his passionate effort to # 8220 ; salvage # 8221 ; the male child, the immature brave # 8220 ; couldn # 8217 ; t halt coming and couldn # 8217 ; t halt hating either? . # 8221 ; ( McMurtry 800 ) . It was non clearly incorrect or immoral for the Indians to take the Equus caballuss when all the factors environing the incident are considered. Of the 20 Indians involved, most of them were adult females and kids and hence non a menace to Name and the others. Furthermore, the Indians took the Equus caballuss for nutrient ; they had been hungering. They were without nutrient because of the effects of the war they had fought with the white adult male over land the white adult male was taking from them. Gus understands this quandary instantly when he sees the hungry Indians eating the Equus caballuss: # 8220 ; These aren # 8217 ; t the mighty Plains Indians we # 8217 ; ve been hearing about? Let # 8217 ; s travel, we don # 8217 ; t want to be hiting these people, although it would be a clemency? . # 8221 ; ( 798 ) . Neither Call nor Macrae administer instant justness. The universe of good and evil is non defined in the clear cut black and white mode as for Rooster Cogburn. Both C all and McCrae are troubled over the decease of Deets. # 8220 ; [ Name ] could non acquire over his surprise. Though he had seen 100s of surprising things in conflict, this was the most lurid? . # 8221 ; ( 802 ) . The # 8220 ; half-blooded # 8221 ; Blue Duck is a complicated character whose life and actions blur the line that separates good and evil. Blue Duck was an old enemy of Call and McCrae in their Texas Ranger yearss of runing Indians. Blue Duck carried out many bad workss in his life including hiting another Indian in the caput in order to convert the remainder that it was non a good thought to uncover his location to the white work forces. He could merely as easy kill a white adult male. At the terminal of his life when he was eventually caught, he jumped out of a window to his decease taking a white deputy with him. Blue Duck turned out perpetrating evil workss, but he was a merchandise of two civilizations which each rejected him, the Indian and the white. He was half Indian and half white, but he was all baffled. He was bound to be a # 8220 ; sick person, # 8221 ; it was his lone agencies of endurance. Cultures can be judged merely as easy for their actions as persons, and the consequences of such opinions are non ever easy to specify. Reality brings with it ambiguity. The function of environment in fabulous narratives of the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; is a background Eden. Whereas in realistically told narratives such as Lonesome Dove, it plays a more active, finding function. In # 8220 ; True Grit # 8221 ; the environment is neer a factor that hinders the accomplishment of Rooster Cogburn # 8217 ; s ends. Neither Rooster nor his comrades of all time confront a hail of grasshoppers which can throw him off his Equus caballus. He can carry through this on his ain. Rooster is neer stopped from prosecuting the slayer of Matty Ross # 8217 ; father because of a violent air current or sand storm. Unlike Woodrow Call who is obsessed with the environing environment because it brings the menace of Indians, Rooster Cogburn rides through an harmless environment that is more like a Eden than like a topographic point where # 8220 ; the Earth is largely merely a boneyard but reasonably in the sunshine # 8221 ; harmonizing to Gus McCrae ( Horn, Literary C riticism 255 ) . Larry McMurtry portrays the environment of the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; about as if it were another character because of its ability to change the lives of the existent characters. If one character could hit another without clemency, so the environment could besides do injury without commiseration. In Lonesome Dove when their companions have suffered from some environmental # 8220 ; onslaught # 8221 ; such as a air current or rain storm, the other cowpunchers react to their safety as if they had been attacked by Indians. When Newt became lost, the first inquiry he asked the others upon returning was # 8220 ; Did the grasshoppers hurt anybody? # 8221 ; ( McMurtry 570 ) . Yes, they attacked the cowpunchers by covering the cowss and eating their apparels. Grasshoppers coming out of the environment spooked Jasper # 8217 ; s Equus caballus which threw him doing him to interrupt a clavicle ( 571 ) . Sean O # 8217 ; Brien was # 8220 ; attacked # 8221 ; by a H2O mocassin and dies non because he made a hapless pick against a human enemy such as non pulling his gun fast plenty but because the environment was unsafe, and like a bad individual could be harmful if it was disregarded long plenty. Bill Spettle lost his life together with 12 cowss in a electrical storm. This same storm altered the lives of the cowpuncher by impeding the herd # 8217 ; s advancement. It might non be a individual but alternatively rain, hail, or grasshoppers which by their actions could change the way of the existent characters # 8217 ; . In this manner the environment could look to be another character and at times a endangering one. Larry McMurtry was raised on a Texas Livestock Ranch which provided him an confidant apprehension of Texas, cowpuncher, and the whole civilization environing ranch life. As a male child he frequently spoke with older work forces who knew the experience of the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; good. His uncles frequently told him # 8220 ; about the yearss when the scope was unfastened [ and about ] ? wily Indian scoundrels [ such as Blue Duck ] and the charitable? Lorena # 8221 ; ( Literary Criticism 253 ) . With such a personal influence, McMurtry was informed and inspired to see if he could do the narratives of the old yearss # 8220 ; existent # 8221 ; ( 253 ) . McMurtry # 8217 ; s background allows him to compose a Western novel # 8220 ; known for its pragmatism # 8221 ; ( Martin, personal interview ) . Lonesome Dove separates itself clearly from mythic representations of the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; by its realistic intervention of characters including adult females ; the environment ; and the forces of good and evil. Cowboies can be officially educated, even if flawed. Gus McCrae # 8217 ; s Latin could be amusing. It translated: # 8220 ; The bunch of grapes-many sided, parti-colored, diverse-through life, begets one grape # 8221 ; ( Sewell, Literary Criticism 261 ) . At the same clip Gus hapless Latin brought pleasance to a deceasing adult male like Wilbarger, and it was an honest description of Gus, Jake Spoon, and Woodrow Call ( 261 ) . McMurtry # 8217 ; s word picture of people, morality, and the environment of the # 8220 ; Old West # 8221 ; contains a power that # 8220 ; remainders in the awesomeness of the myth of the c owpuncher. The myth, heretofore, foisted upon fleeceable audiences by Hollywood, can now be drawn from the fiction of one who knows the myth # 8221 ; ( Sewell, Literary Criticism 261 ) to stand for it realistically. 1. Clemons, Walter, et. Al. # 8220 ; Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove. # 8221 ; Contemporary Literary Criticism 44 ( 1986 ) : 253-262. 2. Contemporary Authors Volume 5-8. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1984 P. 767 3. Martin, Linda. Personal Interview. April 1998 4. McMurtry, Larry. Lonesome Dove. New York: Pocket Books, 1985. 5. Skow, John. # 8220 ; Climbing the Foothill. # 8221 ; Time 4 Sept. 1995: 65. 6. # 8220 ; The Box: Lonesome Dove. # 8221 ; 99 Lives 16 pp. Online. Internet. 2 May 1998. Available hypertext transfer protocol: //www.99 Lives.com/features/box/ldepi2.html. 7. True Grit. Dir. Henry Hathaway. Perf. John Wayne, Glen Campbell, Kim Darby, Robert Duvall, Dennis Hopper, and Jeremy Slate. Malofilm Group, 1969.

Definition and Examples of a Submerged Metaphor

Definition and Examples of a Submerged Metaphor A submerged metaphor is a type of metaphor (or figurative comparison) in which one of the terms (either the vehicle or the tenor) is implied rather than stated explicitly. In the book Myth and Mind (1988), Harvey Birenbaum observes that submerged metaphors lend the force of their associations in a subliminal way but are likely to be disruptive if they are realized too explicitly. Examples and Observations A submerged metaphor is  an implied comparison made in one or two words (usually verbs, nouns, adjectives). Example: Coach Smith mended the losing pitchers hurt feelings. (Not literally; he just tried to make him feel better.)​  (Patrick Sebranek,  Write Source 2000: A Guide to Writing, Thinking and Learning, 4th ed., 2000) Time and Change Metaphors Examples of submerged metaphor in the vocabulary include the lexical sub-system for constructing the meaning, or the set of concepts, that we call time and change. Expressions like time passes, as time goes by are based on the metaphor time is a moving object. Expressions like the elections are approaching, his mistakes are catching up with him are based on the metaphor events are objects moving along a path. Expressions like we are approaching the election, he thought he had left his mistakes behind him, and even we are going to win are based on the metaphor people are objects moving through time.​  (Paul Anthony Chilton and Christina Schffner, Politics as Text and Talk: Analytic Approaches to Political Discourse. John Benjamins, 2002) James Joyces Submerged Metaphors Reading Ulysses often depends upon recognizing the submerged metaphor in the stream of consciousness of the major characters. This is especially true of Stephen whose mind works in metaphorical terms. For example, Stephens association of the sea with the bowl of white china . . . holding [his mothers] green sluggish bile which she had torn up from her rotting liver by fits of loud groaning vomiting depends upon his responding to Mulligans shaving bowl as a transitive but submerged metaphor signified by the present members of the metaphorical seriesthe sea and the bowl of bileand in turn signifying them (U.5; I.108-110). Stephen is a hydrophobe whose neurosis depends upon metaphors taking precedence over logic.​  (Daniel R. Schwarz, Reading Joyces Ulysses. Macmillan, 1987) Also Known As: implicit metaphor

What is the message of the film House of Sand by Essay

What is the message of the film House of Sand by - Essay Example Upon arriving at the place, Aurea, who is pregnant, urges Vasco to leave the place since they would not have a good environment of raising their child, but Vasco opposes her strongly. This highlights the theme of male domination whereby the producer is showing the viewer that women had no say in family matters in that setting. Unfortunately, Vasco succumbs to an accident which leaves Aurea as the head of the family. Aurea decides to leave the area but her attempts to abandon this isolated and uncivilized area are rebuffed since there are no transport channels. The only link to the outside world is a salesman who is called Chico, but he also dies leaving Aurea with no options. Asa result of this, she is forced to stay in the desert and accept her fate. She is forced to raise her child, Maria in these conditions. Time elapses into years and decades. A lot happens in this time; Aurea’s mother is killed by a sandstorm and she begins interacting with the surrounding community. The message here is that despite hardships in life, resilience, industry and hard work is necessary for ensuring one’s survival. Aurea epitomizes hard work and character which enables her to raise Maria in the hard conditions. Besides, she never gives up on her daughter going to the normal world, which illustrates her virtu es of hope and belief. She has been used to highlight problems and challenges that women face in family settings, and how they should go about in fighting these challenges. Aurea is, therefore, a model of women empowerment in society. Therefore, the tale is about survival in the difficult desert conditions, and how this survival has enabled various characters develop. Therefore, the message the author is giving here is that despite hardships that people may face in life, it is possible to transform this situation into an

Answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Answer questions - Essay Example Males that are good hunters control their hunting groups and interact a lot with fertile females. The genes for goo hunters get passed on to other generations due to increased possibility of mating with fertile females (Van, pg.198). 2: read page 205 â€Å"The Mother/Infant Bond and Social Learning† and answer the following question: What do the monkeys raised without a mother tell us about the importance of parenting among primates? Are primates purely instinctual, or do they need to learn complex behaviors? Parenting among primates plays a crucial role in shaping the basic skills of the babies. The monkeys that did not grow up with a mother could not interact well with others, and they lacked basic mothering skills towards their young ones. Primates are not purely instinctual, and they need to learn the complex behaviors. The surrogate ‘mothers’ in the story did not provide any practice for the young monkeys to emulate; this letter made them behave negatively towards others (Wrangham, pg. 205). The chimpanzees used the knuckle-walking style of locomotion when on the ground. They mostly utilized the proximal finger joints of their hands while walking on quadrupedal but not the palms of their hands. The chimpanzee in the video portrayed minimal differences between them and other subspecies. Their bodies are more robust build than the bonobos, and they seem to have slight sexual dimorphic features. The grooming handclasp in the video shows that the Chimpanzee live in a fission-fusion society. Like other animals, they move and do their activities in groups mostly because they want to avoid the predators. The group size of the Chimpanzee keeps on changing in size and composition all through the year in addition to their activities

The Case of Samsung Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The of Samsung - Case Study Example Solutions to the three issues require the inclusion of decision-making, strategic planning, and goal setting. The problem of competition can be solved by acquiring competitive advantage (Mars, 2009). Samsung can acquire this advantage by focusing on creating more appealing features to their products so as to attract more customers and establish customer loyalty. The problem of unproductive marketing strategies can be solved through market specialization in specific expertise for specific markets. Price fluctuation can be solved by developing a plan that helps to determine foreign countries exchange rates (Lindros, 2014). With this knowledge, a company can take financial actions in a more systematic manner. What the case of Samsung tells about strategic management is that it is a comprehensive process that involves a systematic set of activities that rely on resources and clearly defined actions. In terms of resource, the company relies on human and material resources as well as raw m aterials to be able to deliver. Strategic management also relies on teamwork specifically through a product marketing team that ensures the handset division controls risks and competition from other handset providers such as Nokia. The Case of ZespriAs a large exporter of kiwifruit, Zespri experiences three main issues that include; competition, market instability and fluctuating foreign exchange rates. Zespri faces great competition from other producers of kiwifruit in China and Italy as well as competition from other alternative crops.

Genome in Rainbow Trout and Steelhead

Genome in Rainbow Trout and Steelhead (lead author John Whitt) Abstract When being thrown into a different environment those new pressures can lead a population to have fast changes via natural selection. These evolutions can occur at a species level or can occur between two closely related species that have differentiated but share a common ancestor as long as the trait is beneficial for them. Population genetic and quantitative research methods have proven that certain linked areas of the genome in rainbow trout and steelhead are tied to the life history strategies of their species. Using genotype testing on 95 nucleotides it has been determined that the specific chromosome that is responsible for the life history strategies is Omy5. 1.   Introduction Being thrown into a new environment leads to quick changes in a population and the traits may even change in multiple species if they are being acted on be the same environmental forces. Different species who share a common ancestor that develop similar phenotype changes due to the habitat pressures acting on them are said to have parallel evolution. These physical changes may arise from the same genetic change in both species or can stem from different regions in both species that happen to cause the same phenotypic expression. While it is not impossible for parallel evolution to occur from a random new mutation it is much more likely to occur because of a sequence change in existing alleles. It is extremely important for researchers to determine the location of the genes they are testing for and without this, it is impossible to see how evolution is occurring at the genetic level.   It turns out most of the important traits are not controlled by a single genetic or habitat factor . They are often complex and difficult to locate.   The most difficult to genetically locate are traits that affect numerous physical changes, influence the behavior, or have a physiological effect on the species.   The researchers are using advanced techniques like genomic mapping and screening along with sequencing the entire genome of the animals being tested to help locate the area of the genome that is being affected from these rapid evolutions caused by new environments. There have been many genetic studies done on the migration of animals and it commonly accepted that genetics play a major role in the phenotypic differences that accompany these migration characteristics. These threshold traits are determined not only by the physical traits but also by the animals physiological traits. Though migration has all these complex traits that act on it researchers have also found single genes that have effect on the migration of animals as well, so it can also be quite simple at times. The single Clock gene in the Pacific salmonid is a large contributor on when the salmonid migrates.   One of the worlds most abundant and common fish is the Oncorhynchus mykiss. O. mykiss have one of the most comprehensive migratory variations. For example the rainbow trait never leaves freshwater whereas the steelhead are more located in the salt water.   It has been determined that these varying migration tendencies are genetically passed down. Though the differences be tween the steelhead and the rainbow trout are great they are the closest related O. mykiss. Steelheads have more of a complexity when it comes to factors affecting their migration. They have the typical traits that usually affect migration, but also have smoltification which gives them the traits required to go from freshwater to saltwater and ability to travel far.   The rainbow trout on the other hand only keeps the ability to swim in fresh water but gain the ability to sexually reproduce sooner. Past studies have been completed on two populations of O. mykiss that happened to be separated by an environmental barricade. They were then tested for Fst value and found that the loci had the highest values displayed linkage disequilibrium which means that they were not independently assorted. The loci were also genetically located at the same position in both fo the populations. When further tested it was determined that the two populations had 3 loci that had linkage disequilibrium as well as allelic frequency patterns that matched with gnomonic mapping tests that gave the same locations for characteristics growth rate and smoltification. These were all found on the Omy5. These determined that the Omy5 location was responsible for all the traits across populations even if they were separated, meaning that there was no genetic flow going on between the two.   Miller and colleagues goals are to find out how SNPs that coded for physical traits like maturation time, growth rate, an d smolting from past experiments are linked to the Omy5 gene. 2. Material and methods (a) Population samples Using locations from California and Oregon 21 samples of steelhead and rainbow trout were obtained from populations that were separated by natural or artificial barriers. They took the samples from above and below the barriers and also took samples from rainbow trout hatcheries, so that they could have samples from all the life stages. They believed that all of the fish samples that were obtained in the wild were of natural origin, but were not one hundred percent on the status of the hatchery samples. (b) Marker development, genotyping and analysis Miller and colleague discovered 344 single nucleotide polymorphisms that were linked to Omy5 with RAD sequencing from two of the hatchery strains. They created 55 unique SNPtype assays by adding 150bp from cloned BAC strains onto the flanking sequences of the SNP. They also utilized assays that were developed by other researchers.   Miller Pearse et al also used three loci found by Abadia Cardoso and his colleagues.   For the analysis part, they used EP1 systems and followed the recommended protocols. They used two control groups for every array. Linkage disequilibrium as well as, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were test for. Miller and colleagues only counted p-values that were under the Bonferroni-corrected value due to the large number of linked disequilibrium tests. They quantify the Omy5 in different ways. They ranked 55 loci of the Omy5 based on the r2 values and then compared those to rest of the loci. R2 value is calculated by checking to see if an allele is present at two di fferent loci. For example, one could look for allele 1 at locus 1 and locus 2 and then one would check to see if allele 2 is present at locus 1 and locus 2. These result could then be used to calculate r2.  Ã‚   Using statistical packages the researcher visualized linkage disequilibrium of the Omy5 in all of the population sampled. They also computed the amount of linkage association that was over the critical value that was shared between locus and loci. For a reference population Miller Pearse et al used the Scoot Creek steelhead because it had the biggest sample size and have had the greatest polymorphic loci.   To find if there was a link between Omy5 and life history Miller took allele frequencies from all the populations and compared them to one another still using the Scott Creek as a reference population he determined the frequency p for all the sample populations. 3. Results and analysis (a) Genetic data There was a total of 95 single nucleotide polymorphism tested eight of those failed due to not being amplified, did not show signs of polymorphism or werent in line with Mendelian segregation.   This left Miller with 87 loci which were comprised of 55 Omy5 loci and loci from the other 32 were on other linked groups. Of these 87 it was determined that 4 were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (b) Population structure Based on the 32 loci from other linked groups it was determined that they followed a similar trend as that of past studies. Stating that the closer the populations were to each other the more related the populations would be. Miller found when looking at the Omy5 loci it was the opposite meaning the population displayed a high separation between the populations that were separated by the waterfalls or dams. (C) Linkage disequilibrium Miller performed a total of 495 linkage disequilibrium tests on the 32 other linked groups. After the tests were Bonferroni corrected for numerous attempts it was determined that none of those groups had a significant value.   Miller now looked at the loci of the 55 Omy5 groups and the results were that out of 1430 there were a total of 602 that were significant, which gave them a total of 42% of the test samples having a significant p-value. These results conferred that the linkage on Omy5 was, in fact strong. To visualize linkage disequilibrium in all of the populations Miller took the values for the r2 which went from 0.008 0.53 (no units) and used these to order the populations. Miller found that there were 14 loci with r2 values that exceeded the critical value which is 0.9. Once analyzed there obviously a cluster of loci that were in strong linkage disequilibrium. (d) Allele frequency and haplotype variation among populations The results for allelic frequency variations agreed with the linkage disequilibrium analysis performed on the 55 Omy5 loci.   The results also gave groups of the loci whose frequencies were closely related and were linked to populations that were above and below the natural or artificial barriers. Miller took the loci with the greatest average r2 values and labeled them as one linked haplotype. These 30 loci were linked to the steelhead and rainbow trouts life-history strategies.   Miller Pearse et al then used the haplotype to determine the haplotype frequency for the steelhead and rainbow trout by using their average allele frequencies. Miller Pearse et al found that rainbow trout haplotype frequencies were higher in the areas that were above the barriers and had significantly decreased haplotype frequencies in the below barrier populations. This was accurate with the collecting data of the rainbow trout as they were found in the four populations that were taken from above the natural and artificial barriers. Miller and colleagues then compared that new species versus the older species and found that the older species had a great number of Steelhead haplotypes. 4. Discussion Miller concludes that the results prove that adaptation in natural populations can occur rapidly and are caused by the environments pressures that act upon those populations. Miller also states that artificial factors have a higher evolutionary influence on the populations than is seen with natural selection. What is still unclear to Miller is that how these pressures affect the genetic evolution of the populations. For example, if species are undergoing parallel evolution are they just developing similar traits that are better suited for their environment, or are these changes also occur similarly at the genetic level. Miller Pearse et al results imply that the parallel pressures of natural selection are also having parallel affects genetically. These effects are occurring specifically on the Omy5. Which they have concluded to be linked to the life-history patterns of that population and used the data collected from the frequency haplotyping to demonstrate that the population respon ds to environmental pressures that are acting on them.   The Omy5 also acts as a command center of some sorts and controls actions like migration. Looking to the past Millers et al experiment is in line with others performed. There have been experiments that have used different populations of sticklebacks and moved them from their normal saltwater environment to a new freshwater environment which resulted in the loss of defensive traits like armor. There are also examples of Scott Creek population that went through a pigmentation change even though it resulted in a reduction in the fitness of the population.   Miller hypothesis that life-history strategies are linked to the genetic of the population, specifically at the Omy5 region is supported by his and these past experiments. There is also evidence from past experiments that suggest that Omy5 has resistance to recombination, and is likely due to chromosome inversion. This is interesting because the region that is responsible for the change in life-history patterns is resistant to change. Could look at this like the population of O. mykiss do not want to change those traits .   It is also important to note that it is not hundred percent sure exactly what traits are being affected by the Omy5 section of the genome. It is known that the Clock gene is within the Omy5 region. The Clock gene has been linked to smolting and it is hypothesized that sense smolting is extremely complicated that there are multiple genes that are responsible for its coding. (a) Conservation implication. Miller also states that his results are showing a decrease in rainbow trout in older above barrier location and the hypothesis that if enough time passes there might be no rainbow trout in above barrier locations due to the migration history patterns of these fish, so far his hypothesis seems to accurate, because all of the rainbow trout they collected were below the barriers.   He also states that because of the artificial barriers that do not allow the populations to make migration chooses of their own that it locks them into this cycle even more. Meaning that if they were natural barriers the fish might be able to find a way past them, but since they are artificial barriers like dams that are meant to block passage that the above barrier and below barrier populations are going to stay separated.   Miller Pearse et al discusses the effects of large closed bodies of waters or reservoirs and states that these could be the reason for the higher frequency of rainbow trout haplotype since these environments favor their population more so than the steelhead. Miller and his colleagues experiment give many facts about the rapid evolution due to environmental pressures caused by a change in habitat, but they also provide some more subtle information that may be lost in the numbers. Millers experiment shows declining number of rainbow trout in older areas and presents facts about how artificial barriers affect the different population of fishes. The article also discusses how only the fish that are below the barriers are protected.   This is probably not the best way to try and keep these fish population from being endangered. The reason being that both species share such a close ancestor that they are both able to produce the same phenotypes, which should result in both of them being protected.

Perspectives of the Characters in The Young Housewife :: Young Housewife Essays

Perspectives of the Characters in The Young Housewife From the first stanza we decipher that there is a young housewife moving about her husbands house in negligee. Some important questions that come to my mind are: Is she alone?, and why is she moving? The answer to both of these questions we do not know. Is this young housewife dancing around the house in her negligee because her and her husband had a wonderfully romantic night, or is she merely shuffling along performing her wifely chores and duties? Better yet, does the young housewife really exist, or is she just a fantasy of the passer-by? This brings me to my next question . . .Is the narrator a man or a woman? It seems very easy to assume that the narrator is a man, because the author is a man, but other than that there is no real evidence proving narrative gender. In stanza one all we know about the narrator is that they are alone in a car. In stanza two all we know is that the narrator compares the young housewife to a "fallen leaf". And in stanza three, the final stanza, as the narrator passes on by, he or she bows, and smiles. As far as I am concerned the passer-by could be a female who is a close friend or relative who is merely commenting on the housewife as they pass by her house. To me The Young House Wife is about beauty, not beauty from a young fertile woman alone in negligee, but the beauty of everyday, the beauty of life. This driver, who is her passer-by compares the housewife to a fallen leaf. This fallen leaf could mean many things. The narrator could be insinuating that the young housewife is in a fallen state, maybe trapped in some kind of extra-marital sin perhaps. Maybe the narrator is trying to warn us that the housewife is sick and perhaps that is why she is not yet properly dressed though the morning is almost at an end. The meaning that I prefer to take with me is somewhat different from these perspectives. I would like to think of the young housewife as the beauty of autumn.